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Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health challenge in Ethiopia, despite being a preventable disease. TB preventive treatment (TPT) is a critical intervention to prevent the progression from latent TB infection to active disease, particularly among household contacts of TB patients and people living with HIV due to weakened immunity. However, the initiation and completion rates of TPT at subnational and local levels have not been thoroughly investigated. This study aims to map facility-based TPT initiation and completion rates among household contacts of TB across Ethiopia.
Although uncommon, invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) results in death in 5%-10% of cases in healthy children and adolescents. This study aimed to examine demographics, clinical presentation, treatment and outcomes of Australian children hospitalized with IMD during the introduction of the meningococcal vaccine program, overall and by serogroup/disease severity.
Perioperative respiratory adverse events (PRAE) are a main cause of morbidity and mortality in paediatric anaesthesia. Clinicians need to be able to predict their patients' risk of PRAE to plan their care. Clinical risk prediction tools have been developed to assist with pre-operative risk stratification; however, validation outside the contexts of their development is limited. In this study, we test the ability of common risk prediction tools to identify patients at high risk of PRAE in general anaesthesia.
This article reflects on deeply ingrained societal biases with regard to gender. Patriarchal structures and gender socialization have created a perceived incongruity between traditional leadership qualities and traits associated with women. This perception, explained by the role congruity theory, contributes to prejudice against female leaders and can lead to toxic male behavior being misidentified as "strong" leadership. We further examine cognitive shortcuts, specifically implicit bias and the affect heuristic, which perpetuate unconscious favoritism towards male leaders.
The potential implementation of early type 1 diabetes (T1D) detection pathways, encompassing autoantibody screening and longitudinal monitoring, raises important psychosocial considerations for ethical, person-centred care. This review summarises evidence on the psychosocial impact of early T1D detection, identifying key evidence gaps and recommendations for integrating psychosocial support.
Multi-omics in combination with advanced computational methodologies synthesizes diverse omics data to provide deeper insights into molecular interactions and offers transformative potential for unravelling phenomenon behind disease complexities, improving diagnostics, disease prevention, and personalized treatments. This integrative strategy enables our understanding of gene-environment relationships, chronic disease progression, and the intricate molecular pathways involved in health.
Observable signs of clinical deterioration may present differently in children with dark-coloured skin, leading to potential missed or delayed recognition. It is unknown how health professionals approach assessment in children with dark-coloured skin.
The prevalence of allergic diseases across the Australian population, in all regions and age groups, is not well documented. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and distribution of five allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis, asthma, drug allergy, eczema, and food allergy) and examine differences by sociodemographic factors.
Preterm infants are commonly treated with antibiotics on admission to the neonatal unit as part of routine care. We aimed to identify infants <32 weeks' gestation at low risk of early-onset sepsis (EOS) in whom antibiotics could be safely withheld.
Children are disproportionately affected by the negative health effects of climate change. We did a systematic review to synthesise the available evidence on tested interventions to improve child health in response to the impacts of climate change.